Social Science » Civilisation

Indian National Army Trials

Anup Mukherjee — Tue, 28 Nov 2006 05:02:37 +0000

Background:

The idea of forming the Indian National Army (INA) was conceived by Mohan Singh in Malaya. The main objective was to form an anti-British force to liberate India, as well as to check Japanese misconduct towards Indians in SE Asia. Till then, Japanese had allowed only the civilian Indians to form anti-British organizations. In February 17, . . . → Read More: Indian National Army Trials

Nuremberg Principles

Anup Mukherjee — Fri, 27 Oct 2006 05:00:12 +0000

The regime of Hitler in Germany indulged in serious violation of human rights of various communities. Concentration camps were freely used for genocide, extermination, torture, and slave labour, which constituted the issues of the Holocaust. Such issue of crime required an adequate punishment. This issue began to be discussed before the end of the war. At . . . → Read More: Nuremberg Principles

Geneva Convention

Anup Mukherjee — Thu, 28 Sep 2006 04:57:02 +0000

The origin of the Geneva Convention goes back to the bloody battle of Solferino (1859). It was here that Henry Dunant a Swiss citizen, who was witness to this battle made effort to create relief societies that would look after the wounded during the times of war and also work for relief during peace times. In . . . → Read More: Geneva Convention

Caste outside Hinduism

Anup Mukherjee — Sat, 24 Jun 2006 04:50:54 +0000

India is a land of complex mixing of traditions and cultures. Through its ever continuous evolution, it has developed local flavours of religions. It has adopted practices, assimilated traditions, and even transformed the religious practices that have emerged in foreign lands to the local situations and needs. One such social institution is that of caste. While, . . . → Read More: Caste outside Hinduism

Colonial India and Imperial Britain (Part 4)

Anup Mukherjee — Fri, 02 Dec 2005 10:30:19 +0000

[This essay Some Thoughts on The Drain of Wealth: Colonial India and Imperial Britain was published in the World History Bulletin (WHB) Spring 2004 (Vol XX No1). The WHB is published by World History Association (WHA), USA]

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

Imperial Issues & Economic Consequences:

Britain in India was the significant central power. It was . . . → Read More: Colonial India and Imperial Britain (Part 4)

Colonial India and Imperial Britain (Part 3)

Anup Mukherjee — Fri, 02 Dec 2005 09:24:36 +0000

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

A major critique of the drain by the Nationalists was built around the issue . . . → Read More: Colonial India and Imperial Britain (Part 3)

Colonial India and Imperial Britain (Part 2)

Anup Mukherjee — Fri, 02 Dec 2005 07:03:35 +0000

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

Another important aspect of the economic exploitation was the process of deindustrialisation. Certain western . . . → Read More: Colonial India and Imperial Britain (Part 2)

Colonial India and Imperial Britain (Part 1)

Anup Mukherjee — Fri, 02 Dec 2005 06:00:48 +0000

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4

The Drain of Wealth Theory:

The Drain of Wealth theory is a set of . . . → Read More: Colonial India and Imperial Britain (Part 1)

Surat

Anup Mukherjee — Sat, 05 Nov 2005 08:47:42 +0000

A version of this essay was published in the Encyclopedia of World Trade published by ME Sharpe Publishers, Armonk, New York.

Surat © Anup Mukherjee

Surat is situated on the Western Coast of Gujarat, on the left bank of river Tapti, on the Gulf of Cambay (Khambhat). It has been a very important centre of trade and commerce. . . . → Read More: Surat

Calicut

Anup Mukherjee — Thu, 03 Nov 2005 07:43:31 +0000

A version of this essay was published in the Encyclopedia of World Trade published by ME Sharpe Publishers, Armonk, New York.

Calicut (Kozhikode) © Anup Mukherjee

Calicut is situated on the on the Malabar Coast of the Kerala province in India. It is connected to hinterland through the Palghat gap. The place is famous for the spice production . . . → Read More: Calicut

Socialism

Anup Mukherjee — Tue, 01 Nov 2005 06:40:13 +0000

A version of this essay was published in the Encyclopedia of World Trade published by ME Sharpe Publishers, Armonk, New York.

Socialism © Anup Mukherjee

Socialism does not have a single socio-political philosophy. It has gradually evolved into various different schools and doctrines. These put forth different ideas on how best to reorganise the society and the economy. . . . → Read More: Socialism

Indian Ocean Trade

Anup Mukherjee — Thu, 01 Sep 2005 15:28:09 +0000

A version of this essay was published in the Encyclopedia of World Trade published by ME Sharpe Publishers, Armonk, New York.

Indian Ocean Trade © Anup Mukherjee

The Indian Ocean trade network spans from east coast of Africa through Middle East to western and eastern India and then on through Burma to the different islands of Southeast Asian . . . → Read More: Indian Ocean Trade

World History: Youthful Curiosities

Anup Mukherjee — Wed, 10 Aug 2005 15:19:47 +0000

Questions I asked a few years back on H-World Forum » »

I would like to ask certain questions to the specialists on this forum. But before that, I would rather give a brief background. I have studied the Medieval Indian history fairly well. And my exposure to the nature of Muslim rule comes from that. Consequently, . . . → Read More: World History: Youthful Curiosities

Indus River

Anup Mukherjee — Sun, 01 May 2005 08:42:19 +0000

A version of this essay was published in the Encyclopedia of World Trade published by ME Sharpe Publishers, Armonk, New York.

Indus River (Sindhu) © Anup Mukherjee

The Indus River rises in southwestern Tibet, and circling around different mountains, and running a course of 2735 kilometers, finally drains into Arabian Sea near Karachi (Sind, Pakistan). The main course . . . → Read More: Indus River

Approaches to Study of Early Indian History

Anup Mukherjee — Thu, 28 Apr 2005 08:36:55 +0000

While studying Indian history, we have to keep in mind various issues relating to the facts that we have. These facts are in form of evidence – however these facts are the raw material. These facts needs to be analysed to extract useful information regarding history from such sources. For example if we have a book . . . → Read More: Approaches to Study of Early Indian History

Sources of Early Indian History

Anup Mukherjee — Wed, 27 Apr 2005 08:34:23 +0000

Ancient Indian history sources can be classified into following sources:

1. Literary Sources a) Religious themes b) Legal Sources c) Linguistic and Historical Literary, including Local Chronicles 2. Archeological Sources 3. Inscriptions and Prasastis 4. Numismatics (Coinage) 5. Monuments 6. (Travel & Geographical)Accounts of Foreigners.

1(a).Literary Sources » Religious themes

Most of the ancient books have religious theme. Some of them deal with the time span as . . . → Read More: Sources of Early Indian History

Mughal Empire

Anup Mukherjee — Tue, 12 Apr 2005 08:09:12 +0000

Mughal Empire © Anup Mukherjee

Mughal empire is a fascinating period of Indian History. This is because, the mughal history is so recent so as to blend with the issues of the current times. Many of the monuments of Mughal period are still in use, whether it be mosques, mausoleum or forts. This essay is a brief . . . → Read More: Mughal Empire

Indian Society and Hierarchy

Anup Mukherjee — Sat, 19 Feb 2005 07:52:03 +0000

The socio-psychological evaluation of Indian people has generally been termed as one that is disposed to hierarchy. Indians are in general, more comfortable in a situation of hierarchy, more precisely where the hierarchy is clear and stated. In some sense that imparts definiteness to social interaction. This hierarchy can be in the form of hierarchy . . . → Read More: Indian Society and Hierarchy

Modern Hinduism

Anup Mukherjee — Sat, 01 Jan 2005 07:42:12 +0000

Modern Hinduism © Anup Mukherjee i3pep.org

[A version of this (somewhat extended) exposition was published in the Encyclopedia of Religion and War (Routledge)]

Hinduism in modern times has undergone tremendous reformist changes and has tended to focus on peace rather than war. Though there has not been any scriptural development in Hinduism in relation to war, one stream of . . . → Read More: Modern Hinduism

The Third World

Anup Mukherjee — Thu, 23 Dec 2004 07:10:42 +0000

The term Third World was first used by the French economist and demographer Alfred Sauvy in an article published in 1952. He used this term (Tiers Monde) as a parallel to Third Estate (Tiers Etat). As an observer points out, “Sauvy’s term carries not only the connotation of exclusion from power but also, especially . . . → Read More: The Third World

Mughal Period : Art and Architecture

Anup Mukherjee — Wed, 15 Dec 2004 11:43:46 +0000

Mughal rule stabilised during the time of Akbar. By that time, Mughals were no longer the strangers, but they had adopted India as their home. The policy of sulh i kul adopted by Akbar became visible in the art forms patronised by the Mughal emperors. This was visible in paintings, music and architecture. Although, Babur and . . . → Read More: Mughal Period : Art and Architecture

Mughal Painting during Jahangir’s Time

Anup Mukherjee — Thu, 09 Dec 2004 11:36:43 +0000

The Mughal emperors were fond of art and culture. They patronised painters, most of whom were Hindus. Due to their patronage, painting under Mughals got a new impetus and also developed into a specialised school of painting with its own distinctiveness.

The process started during the time of Akbar but reached greater heights during the time of . . . → Read More: Mughal Painting during Jahangir’s Time

Lenin (2)

Anup Mukherjee — Wed, 08 Dec 2004 11:33:07 +0000

Vladimir Lenin (1870 – 1924) Leader of the 1917 Russian Revolution

Part 1 Part 2 (This Page)

The Petrograd garrison did not wish to be transferred to the war front, and consequently they sided with the Bolsheviks against the provisional government. Thus the Red Guards were able to seize power for the Bolsheviks in a bloodless . . . → Read More: Lenin (2)

Lenin (1)

Anup Mukherjee — Wed, 08 Dec 2004 11:28:41 +0000

Vladimir Lenin (1870 – 1924) Leader of the 1917 Russian Revolution

Part 1 (This Page) Part 2

[A version of this essay was published in the Encyclopedia of Leadership (Sage, 2004)]

Among the world’s great revolutionary leaders, Lenin is recognized for his efforts to put Marxism into actual practice and for creating the Union of Soviet Socialist . . . → Read More: Lenin (1)

Sufi Movement

Anup Mukherjee — Thu, 02 Dec 2004 11:26:03 +0000

Sufi movement emerged during the early medieval times in India with the interaction of the Islamic culture with the Hindu culture. There were different trends of the sufi movement – some were religious and social, some were linked to the rulers and more engaged in promotion of Islam.

Establishment of Sultanate led to introduction of new . . . → Read More: Sufi Movement

Architecture of Vijayanagar Empire

Anup Mukherjee — Wed, 01 Dec 2004 11:22:41 +0000

Vijayanagar (Vijayanagara) style of architecture came to existence in the 14th century AD and reached its zenith during times of Krishnadeva Raya and Achuta Deva. The architecture reflected the power of their rulers. Under them temples became an elaborate institution containing large number of structures.

The architecture can be divided into secular and religious buildings. The secular . . . → Read More: Architecture of Vijayanagar Empire

Nation and Nationalism (2)

Anup Mukherjee — Tue, 23 Nov 2004 11:20:00 +0000

Part 1 Part 2 (this page)

Indian History from sixth century BC (Post Vedic period) to early modern period should be seen as a continuous tussel between the central authority and the local forces. Interestingly, one would find that at local levels, there was generally a remarkable continuity of . . . → Read More: Nation and Nationalism (2)

Nation and Nationalism (1)

Anup Mukherjee — Tue, 23 Nov 2004 11:15:27 +0000

Part 1 (this page) Part 2

The concept of ‘Nation’ for South Asia is an interesting concept to explore. In the Indian Subcontinent, the concept of Bharatvarsha (land of the Bharata, the legendary ruler) had existed at a theoretical level since long time. In some ways it can be . . . → Read More: Nation and Nationalism (1)

Ancient Southeast Asia

Anup Mukherjee — Thu, 18 Nov 2004 11:12:18 +0000

A version of this essay was published in the Encyclopedia of World Environmental History (Routledge)

The present countries of Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, East Timor, Singapore, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Philippines form South East Asia. In geographical terms, the South East Asia is the region that stretches from the eastern ridges of . . . → Read More: Ancient Southeast Asia

Akbar : The Mughal Emperor

Anup Mukherjee — Fri, 12 Nov 2004 11:01:02 +0000

[A version of this essay written by the author was published in the Encyclopedia of Leadership (Sage, 2004)]

Akbar was the grandson of Babur who founded the Mughal rule in India. However, during the time of Humayun, the territory was lost to the Afghans under the Surs. After the interregnum of Afghan rule, . . . → Read More: Akbar : The Mughal Emperor

Women in World History

Anup Mukherjee — Wed, 07 Apr 2004 05:34:41 +0000

Women in World History

[This Article is a partly revised version of my post in the H-World Discussion Network]

This refers to the Teaching Unit D1 of the AP World History course relating to “The Economic Role of Women in World History” 600-1914 that is available at www.whc.neu.edu (complete write-up retrieved on 31-08-2003). This lesson . . . → Read More: Women in World History

Critiquing Imperialism

Anup Mukherjee — Wed, 03 Mar 2004 05:27:16 +0000

[The Essay titled Empire: An Artful Statecraft was written in response to Niall Ferguson's article in the April 2003 Issue of Historically Speaking. Only an edited part of the essay was published as letter to the editor in the September 2003 issue of Historically Speaking. It is also available in electronic format . . . → Read More: Critiquing Imperialism

Hinduism in Modern Times

Anup Mukherjee — Sat, 01 Nov 2003 04:27:31 +0000

Hinduism in modern times is reflection of continuity and of progressive changes that occurred in its various traditions and institutions during the 19th and 20th centuries.

By eighteenth century many ills had crept into it- superstition, social obscurantism, rigid rituals, tyrannical polytheism and abominable rites like animal sacrifice. . . . → Read More: Hinduism in Modern Times

Book Review: The Arabian Seas

Anup Mukherjee — Sun, 12 Oct 2003 04:20:09 +0000

Book: The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century. Author: R. J. Barendse. Publisher: Asia and the Pacific Series. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2002. Other Details: xvi + 588 pp. Maps, tables, glossary, bibliography, index. $85.00 (cloth), ISBN 0-7656-0728-X; $34.95 (paper), ISBN 0-7656-0729-8.

Book Reviewed by: Anup Mukherjee Review Published By : H-World (October, 2002)

Library . . . → Read More: Book Review: The Arabian Seas

Book Review: American Empire

Anup Mukherjee — Sat, 11 Oct 2003 04:11:42 +0000

Book: American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy. Author: Andrew J. Bacevich. Publisher: Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002. Other Details: ix + 302 pp. Index. $29.95 (cloth), ISBN 0-674-00940-1.

Book Reviewed by: Anup Mukherjee Review Published By : H-USA (May, 2003)

Library of Congress call number: E183.7 .B284 2002 Subjects: United States–Foreign relations. United States–Foreign relations–Philosophy.

Anup Mukherjee . “Review of Andrew . . . → Read More: Book Review: American Empire

Contextualizing Gandhi in Twenty-First Century World

Anup Mukherjee — Tue, 23 Sep 2003 03:49:05 +0000

This essay was part of World History Association (WHA) Conference at Atlanta (June 2003). Detailed commentary by Prof. Marc Jason Gilbert, the Panel Chairperson of Gandhi and World History Panel of the WHA Conferance can be found on HNN website and H-Asia website. – Anup Mukherjee

ABSTRACT . . . → Read More: Contextualizing Gandhi in Twenty-First Century World